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Reflect Forward: the Journey is the Route
Akihiko HIRASHIMA


This book, we might say, traces the pulse of Nishimura Tamiko's youth on the road. The images were shot between her 20s and 30s – from around 1970 to 1983. Most were taken on the northern island of Hokkaido and through the northeastern Tohoku area, but also across the Kanto (including her hometown Tokyo), Hokuriku and Kansai regions.

Nineteen-seventy was an eventful year for Japan. There was the Red Army hijacking of a JAL passenger plane, massive nationwide protests against the US-Japan "AMPO" security treaty, Osaka Expo '70, and Mishima Yukio's seppuku suicide at the Japan Self-Defense Force Barracks in Ichigaya. The same year saw the launch of the now-privatised Japan National Railway's "Discover Japan" campaign, targeting prospective solo and women travellers. JNR even sponsored a regular TV programme, Touku e Ikitai ("I Want to Travel Far").

In the photograph of Mt. Yotei (pp.30–31), taken from a train window at Kutchan Station in Hokkaido, we see a steam locomotive across the tracks. The train may not have interested Nishimura at the time, though her camera is attracting attention, as the driver is peering at it curiously. Solitary women travellers were obviously still a rarity then.

The title of folklorist Miyamoto Tsuneichi's monthly magazine Aruku Miru Kiku ("Roam, See, Hear"), sponsored by the Kinki Nihon Tourist agency and first published in 1967, sums up his travel philosophy. In the article Tabi ni Manabu ("Learn by Travelling"), he says: "We travel in order to discover things. There really is no other way than to go see for yourself. The number of unknowns may increase when we go see things. Another reason to travel is to verify and clarify the unknown."

Whatever similarities we may sense between Miyamoto's thinking and Nishimura's photographic forays, her travels were neither Discover Japan tours nor folklore surveys. If anything, they were closer to folk pilgrimages of a bygone era, to places haloed and spiritual. The sort of personal quest that sent the poet Basho on his haiku wanderings.

In Nozarashi Kiko ("Bare Bones Travelogue"), Basho likens travel to the "way to death." Basho's ideal of faring on and on, until reduced to bones, cannot be dismissed as the mere musings of an eccentric. It underscores a Japanese view of life and death that has been popular since ancient times.

Travel also figures in the 7th century Kojiki ("Record of Ancient Matters") and 8th century Nihon Shoki ("Chronicles of Japan") imperial codices. For example, the descent by ancient deity Izanagi into the Underworld (Yomi) in search of his deceased wife Izanami. Nihon Shoki shows the sun goddess Amaterasu banishing her brother, the storm god Susano-o, to the Root World (Ne no Kuni), for defiling the sacred rice fields. Both are mythic journeys leading to divine rebirth.

In his preface to Oku no Hosomichi ("Narrow Path to the Far North") Basho asks himself why he travels: "A lone cloud blown about in the wind cannot but imagine itself adrift," he writes. "Driven to distraction by things divine, the ancestral guardians of the road beckon toward what lies ever out of reach." While the impetus to set forth may be a conscious subjective choice, the prospect literally gets out of hand and ends up being a curse. In that sense, traveling is as unpredictably fraught as life and death – or love and sex.

The pioneering folklore scholar, Yanagida Kunio, notes in his article Oshiragami Ko that old households in Tohoku customarily practised observances related to a mysterious spirit known as Oshinmei-sama, Oshira-sama or Okunai-sama. "Matrons of these families who subscribe to the Oshinmei-sama cult frequently hear divine promptings in dreams," he writes, "and will incur serious illnesses should they not to go walkabout, shouldering his wooden statue, once a year." Exchange the onerous wooden image for a camera, and it is not difficult to see our photographer Nishimura as a latter-day scion of those forgotten women, who set off wandering possessed by a mysterious spirit.

The Japanese transitive verb utsusu, which can mean "to photograph", originally meant "to move things from one place to another." It since came to include such notions as reproducing colour and form, hence copying or emulating. It implies the perceptual act of seeing. Likewise, the verb miru (¸«¤ë) "to see" stems from the Chinese character me (ÌÜ), "eye" – that is, the function of fixing one's eyes upon something. Thus, "to see" in Japanese refers not only to gazing, but covers a broad range of meanings from observing, knowing, judging, and even caring. In olden times, it seems that male-female relations were also a kind of "seeing."

None of the photos in this book are very studiously composed, whether the subjects are people or things. Steady composition, correct exposure and focal range are secondary. Rather, what clearly comes across is Nishimura's straightforward stance toward shooting whatever caught her eye, without hesitation or undue posturing.

Her photographic method is less that of an artist subjectively seeking to capture an image than of letting the target object show itself. She joins in a kind of conspiratorial expectation, or belief in salvation by "other powers". Thus seeing and being seen are mutual, the perceptual act of seeing must be inspired by the other; the relationship of the seer to the seen prescribes a tenuous reciprocity.

Counter to the happenstance ephemerality of photo-graphing, however, the act of printing requires assiduous, time-consuming effort. To look at the silver-particle sandstorms of Nishimura's grainy images, we can easily imagine she developed her films using high temperatures or long bath times, or other unorthodox methods. The deep blacks and high-contrast whites, the laborious hand-shading techniques, attest to considerable trial and error.

Nishimura must have had her benchmarks, not unlike the makura-kotoba set-phrases of Basho's haiku travelogues. But very few of the events and things shown in her photos speak of specific locales. Most are of commonplace scenes and yet their evocative power captivates us.

The image of the shack-like facades of a rundown street in Asahikawa, Hokkaido (pp.18-19), for instance, shows the icy remnants of snow in the gutter by a footpath where walks a woman in gumboots with a carrier bag. Right behind her is a mother in an ear-muffed hat with her child. The glass door to the closest house is half-open, revealing what seems to be a mother with her son in a turtleneck and cardigan, looking out on the street. A row of bicycles lines the street and an old wooden ladder leans up against some eaves. Look carefully and you notice the camera is peering directly at the boy from a slightly elevated position. Perhaps Nishimura took this from a bus window. These unnamed people going about their everyday lives must have caught her eye just as the bus turned at an intersection. A chance glimpse that makes us see the poetry in the everyday. The composition is so understated as to be easily overlooked, but the stories unfold if we care to see them. From a formal perspective, we could say her camera missed the perfect framing, but had there been a conscious hairbreadth of a gap between her seeing and shooting, the image would never have turned out this way.

In her afterword, the artist remarks on transcending bounds, and what is travel if not going beyond limits and demarcations? The divisions may not be just between towns and countries, but between this world and the next. To travel is to see the world through the gaze of the world beyond, and photographs give us clues to navigate our uncertain present.

My eyes chance to fall upon the image of a young mother carrying an infant swaddled in the folds of a hanten padded kimono. What year might this have been? And not just one such image; the artist captured many such mothers. Come to think of it, this entire collection looks almost exclusively at women and children. Boys or girls, who can tell? As the saying goes, until the age of seven, children are little gods. The anonymous women remain without exception quiet and expressionless, or else are seen from behind or in shadow. Look closely, and the spirit of the artist herself floats into view. If we follow these photographs, another Nishimura Tamiko is cast in high relief: the living image of an artist who, in the course of her travels, gazed unflinchingly on fellow women.

Hirashima Akihiko is a photographer and editor

Translation: Alfred Birnbaum
English editing: Mark Robinson

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